Working Papers #61 - 70
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Labor in Contemporary Latin America: An Agenda for Research
-A Rapporteur's Report-
James McGuire
Working Paper #61 - February 1986
James McGuire is a graduate student in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is writing a doctoral dissertation comparing patterns of interaction between the Peronist trade union movement and six non-Peronist Argentine governments since 1955.
Abstract
This rapporteur's report summarizes the major themes and issues raised at a workshop on "Labor in Contemporary Latin America: An Agenda for Research," held at the Kellogg Institute between February 28 and March 2, 1985. Most of the discussion focused on the labor movements of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile since 1970, but additional comparative and historical perspectives were provided by the opening presentation and by frequent references to other countries and earlier time periods. The central empirical themes of the conference were (1) the challenges that these labor movements currently face as social actors, and (2) the ways in which they may be able to contribute to the construction or consolidation of political democracy. The major debate was whether the investigation of these themes is best undertaken from the standpoint of the experiences of workers at the shop-floor level, or from the relationship between workers' organizations and other social and political actors.
Resumen
Este informe resume los temas y asuntos principales del taller sobre "El Movimiento Obrero en América Latina Contemporánea: Una agenda para la investigación," realizado en el Kellogg Institute entre el 28 de febrero y el 2 de marzo de 1985. La discusión se centró en los movimientos obreros de Argentina, Brasil y Chile desde 1970, aunque también se discutió otros períodos y otros países. Los temas empíricos centrales de la conferencia fueron (1) los desafíos que esos movimientos enfrentas como actores sociales, y (2) las maneras en las cuales ellos prodrían contribuir a la construcción y consolidación de la democracia política. El debate principal fue si la investigación de esos temas se realiza mejor desde el punto de vista de las experiencias de los trabajadores en las fábricas, o desde la relación entre los sindicatos y otros actores sociales y políticos.
(52 pages)
The Debt Crisis and Stabilization Policy in Latin America: New Insights from Recent Research
Benedict J. Clements
Working Paper #62 - February 1986
Benedict J. Clements is currently an Instructor of Economics at Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island. He received his Ph.D. in Economics in 1985 from the University of Notre Dame. Among his research interests are stabilization policy in Latin America and the impact of trade and development strategies on poverty and income distribution. His dissertation fieldwork was done in Brazil.
Abstract
This report synthesizes the papers and presentations made at the Kellogg Institute conference on "Debt Adjustment in Latin America: Is the Crisis Over?" on April 16, 1985. The paper argues that 1) the debt crisis is far from over as long run solutions to the crisis have not been enacted, and 2) IMF-style stabilization efforts made in response to the crisis have largely failed, suggesting some flaws in the IMF approach.
Resumen
Este trabajo sintetiza los ensayos y presentaciones de la conferencia del Kellogg Institute sobre "Ajuste de la Deuda en América Latina: ¿Está Terminada la Crisis?" llevada a cabo el 16 de abril de 1985. El trabajo sostiene que 1) la crisis de la deuda está lejos de ser superada ya que no se ha encontrado soluciones de largo plazo; y 2) los esfuerzos de estabilización al estilo FMI han fracasado, lo cual sugiere algunas fallas en el enfoque del FMI.
(38 pages)
State Capitalism and Politics in Brazil
Frances Hagopian
Working Paper #63 - February 1986
Frances Hagopian is a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a Faculty Fellow of the Kellogg Institute, and an Assistant Faculty Fellow in the Department of Government and International Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Research for this paper was supported by grants from the Social Science Research Council, the Fulbright-Hays Commission, and the Kellogg Institute Seed Money Fund. The author wishes to thank Alexander Wilde for his comments on an earlier version, and Caroline Domingo for her editorial assistance.
Abstract
This paper examines the patterns of political organization and class dominance engendered by state capitalism. Drawing from the developmental experience of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, this study suggests that state capitalism empowers State elites, politicizes the economy and the implementation of public policy, and establishes state clientelism as the dominant form of political representation. In Minas Gerais, such a system of economic organization privileged territorially-based traditional political elites who presided over the distributional arm of the State. These elites secured their positions in the State by their ability to translate the distribution of State resources to state clients into political support for the authoritarian regime.
Resumo
Este trabalho examina os padrões de organização política e dominação de classe decorrentes do Capitalismo de Estado. O estudo, baseado na experiência de desenvolvimento do estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais, demonstra que o Capitalismo de Estado confere poder às elites estatais e estabelece o clientelismo como forma dominante de representação política, enquanto a economia e a realização de políticas governamentais são politicizadas. Em Minas Gerais, êste sistema de organização econômica favoreceu as elites políticas tradicionais que presidiram sobre a alocação de recursos do Estado. Estas elites consolidaram suas posições no Estado através de sua capacidade de traduzir a distribuição de recursos públicos para clientes do Estado em apoio político para o regime autoritário.
(54 pages)
Capital Immobility and the Distribution of Income
Joseph Ramos
Working Paper #64 - February 1985
Joseph Ramos is an economist (Ph.D. Columbia 1968) with 17 years of teaching and consulting experience in Latin America. He is currently with the United Nation's ECLA in Santiago, Chile. His work has generally been in macroeconomics (employment, stabilization and adjustment policies) and he also has a long-standing interest in Catholic social teaching. His latest publication was a book published by ECLA entitled Estabilización y liberalizaçión económica en el Cono Sur (UN, 1984, Santiago). During the Spring semester, 1985, Dr. Ramos was a Faculty Fellow of the Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame.
This is a corrected and modified version of a paper first published in Spanish in Cuadernos de Economía (Universidad Católica de Chile. Dec., 1978).
Abstract
This paper analyzes the distributional effects of alterations in the allocation of resources, using a rigorous microeconomic methodology. The author develops models to examine the distribution of losses in overall income resulting from varying degrees of immobility in the capital market, and explores the relation between these losses and the original distribution of factor ownership.
Resumen
En este trabajo se analiza los efectos distribucionales de los cambios en la distribución de recursos, utilizando una rigurosa metodología micro-económica. El autor usa modelos matemáticos para examinar la distribución de las pérdidas en el ingreso total que resultan de varios grados de inmovilidad en el mercado de capitales, además explora la relación entre estas pérdidas y la distribución original de la propiedad de los factores.
(38 pages)
Dictaduras y el Artista en el Exilio
Mempo Giardinelli
Working Paper # 65-February 1986
Mempo Giardinelli, Argentine novelist and poet, has been living in exile in Mexico for the past seven years. His Luna Caliente won him the prestigious Premio Nacional de Novela in 1983. Among his best known novels are Toño tuerto rey de ciegos; El cielo con las manos; La revolución en bicicleta and ¿Por qué prohibieron el circo? He is also the author of a book of poems, Invasión, and a collection of short stories, Vidas ejemplares. This paper was given as part of a presentation to the Kellogg Institute during the author's visit in 1985.
Abstract
This work discusses the political, intellectual, and moral dilemmas which confront the Latin American artist in exile. The author analyzes the contribution which the artist makes to the democratic and cultural renewal of his/her country-in this case, Argentina. Exile is seen as a paradoxical phenomenon in which there is a constant conflict between beneficial and negative aspects. It is an experience conducive to self-marginalization and self-pity. However, it is also an experience which allows the committed artist to widen her/his horizons, gaining a broader perspective on the immense social, political, economic and cultural problems facing Latin America towards which the artist has a moral responsibility. The artist who returns to Argentina (together with other compatriots) does so with a more tolerant, cautious, and integrating vision. At the same time, the artist encounters a rich literature which is capable of challenging and changing the society. Finally, the author emphasizes the rise of a generation of young writers who are making a fundamental contribution to Latin American literature within the context of a fight for democratic and cultural restoration.
Resumen
Este trabajo discute los dilemas políticos intelectuales y morales que enfrenta el artista latinoamericano en el exilio y analiza el aporte que el artista presta a la recuperación democrática y cultural de su país-en este caso, la Argentina. Se plantea que el exilio es un fenómeno paradojal en el cual hay un constante conflicto entre aspectos beneficiosos y negativos. Es un campo propicio para la automarginación y la automisericordia. Pero, por otro lado, es una experiencia que permite que el artista comprometido amplie sus horizontes en términos de un mayor entendimiento de los inmensos problemas sociales, políticos, económicos y culturales de América Latina, ante los cuales éste tiene una responsabilidad moral. Se señala que el artísta que vuelve a la Argentina (junto a otros compatriotas) lo hace con una visión más tolerante, cautelosa e integradora. A la vez, éste encuentra una literatura rica, capaz de cuestionar la sociedad y mejorarla. Finalmente, se resalta el surgimiento de una generación de escritores jóvenes que están haciendo un aporte fundamental a la literatura latinoamericana dentro del contexto de lucha por la recuperación demócratica y cultural.
(13 pages)
The Transition to Democracy in Brazil
Scott Mainwaring
Working Paper #66 - March 1986
Scott Mainwaring is Assistant Professor of Government and Member of the Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame. He wrote The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916-1985 (Stanford University Press) and has also written extensively on social movements and on transitions to democracy. He wishes to thank Caroline Domingo, Frances Hagopian, Margaret Keck, and Eduardo Viola for helpful comments.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the transition to democracy in Brazil, focusing primarily on the period between 1983 and 1985. The first section argues that political liberalization initially resulted from a decision by leaders of the military regime, rather than from grass roots or opposition pressures; it then explains the logic of that decision. The author briefly examines the dialectic between the regime and the opposition during the 1974-83 period. He goes on to argue that the period beginning October 1983 marked some decisive changes in the political process; the military's support, cohesion, and ability to control the political process declined. The following section argues that this erosion of the military regime between 1983 and 1985 resulted from a combination of legitimation problems, which were long term and virtually inevitable, and choices that it made. The concluding section argues that the elitist nature of the transition has influenced the early period of democratic rule. There are many signs of continuity with the old regime, and only limited challenges to Brazil's lengthy tradition of political elitism and socio-economic inequalities.
Resumen
Este trabajo analiza la transición a la democracia en Brasil, centrándose principalmente en el período entre 1983 y 1985. En la primera sección se sostiene que la apertura política inicialmente resultó no de las presiones populares o oposicionistas, sino de una decisión de los líderes del régimen militar; luego explica la lógica de esta decisión. El autor resume brevemente la dialéctica entre el régimen y la oposición durante el período de 1974-83. En seguida plantea que el período que comienza en octubre de 1983 registra algunos cambios decisivos en el proceso político; el apoyo para el régimen, la cohesión interna y la abilidad de los militares para controlar el proceso político disminuyeron. Luego se afirma que esta erosión del régimen militar entre 1983 y 1985 resultó de una combinación de problemas de legitimación, los cuales fueron de largo plazo y virtualmente inevitables, y de opciones que no resultaron las mejores. La última parte sostiene que el carácter elitista de la transición ha influenciado el período inicial del régimen democrático. Hay muchas indicaciones de continuidad del viejo régimen, y los desafíos a la larga tradición de elitismo político y desigualdades socio-económicas de Brasil son limitados.
(40 pages)
Industrialization in Mexico: Issues and Strategies
Kwan S. Kim
Working Paper #67 - March 1986
Kwan S. Kim is Associate Professor of Economics and Faculty Fellow of the Kellogg Institute at the University of Notre Dame. He has occasionally served as an economic consultant for governments of developing countries and for international agencies. He has published extensively in the areas of trade and development, planning and industrialization, with a special interest in East Africa, East Asia and, recently, Mexico. He is editor of Papers on the Political Economy of Tanzania and Debt and Development in Latin America. His recent work includes Industrial Policy and Development in South Korea.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1985 ASSA meeting in New York. The research was supported by a seed-money grant from the Kellogg Institute, and later by a grant from NAFINSA/ONUDI, Mexico. The author wishes to thank Dr. Ingolf E. Otto and Professors Denis Goulet, Suleiman S. Wasty and William Glade for helpful comments, without implicating them in the final product. He is also indebted to Caroline Domingo of the Kellogg Institute for carefully reading the manuscript.
Abstract
This study evaluates from a historical perspective the consequences of various industrialization strategies adopted by the Mexican governments, identifying with each strategy major issues and constraints on industrial development. In the discussion, special attention is given to the roles of trade and industrial policy in affecting the development of industry. Such issues as protection versus liberalization, export-promotion versus import-substitution, and private sector versus public sector are carefully examined in the context of the Mexican economy. The paper concludes with a critical review of the current administration's industrial policy, and some suggestions for future directions of development for Mexico.
Resumen
Este estudio evalúa desde una perspectiva histórica las consecuencias de varias estrategias de industrialización adoptada por los gobiernos mexicanos, identificando en cada una de ellas los asuntos más relevantes y las restricciones en el desarrollo industrial. Se da especial importancia a los papeles de la política comercial e industrial con respecto a su efecto en el desarrollo industrial. Problemas como protección versus liberalización, promoción de exportaciones versus la substitución de importaciones y sector privado versus sector público son cuidadosamente examinados en el contexto de la economía mexicana. Este ensayo concluye con una revisión crítica de la política industrial de la actual administración, y apunta algunas sugerencias para las orientaciones futuras de desarrollo para México.
(53 pages)
Escenarios, Sujetos, Desenlaces (Reflexiones Sobre la Crisis Centroamericana)
Edelberto Torres-Rivas
Working Paper #68 - March 1986
Edelberto Torres-Rivas is perhaps Central America's most renowned social scientist. He is a native of Guatemala, a member of the Instituto de Investigación Social (ICADIS) in Costa Rica, director of the Review Polémica, and the author of numerous works on Central America. He was a Fellow of the Kellogg Institute during the Spring 1984 semester.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the current political crisis in Central America. The paper begins with an examination of the roots of the crisis, seen as stemming not from the contradictions of a liberal state, but rather from the nature of the social formation. The author argues that modernization in Central America did not lead to politically open states; on the contrary, modernization did not change the fundamental character of political domination, leading to a serious crisis of hegemony by the 1960s. The next part of the paper analyzes the new social actors of the 1970s, focusing on the popular organizations and revolutionary movements. The author concludes with a discussion of the way different political forces are addressing the crisis.
Resumen
El campo de fuerza donde la crisis política se constituye en Centroamérica, está precedido por reiteradas luchas contra el estilo oligárquico y la cultura política autoritaria que ese estilo supone. Este trabajo propone la interpretación de que el escenario de la crisis es un escenario de luchas democraticas frustradas, de pequeños y grandes conflictos para lograr la participación/representación popular. El ensayo plantea en su parte central el tema de la movilización popular-revolucionaria y las interpelaciones que finalmente constituyen al sujeto de la acción política. En la parte final se discute el sentido de futuro que esta acción adquiere en el seno de una abierta ofensiva thermidoriana; el desenlace está planteado ya no solo como una lucha entre fuerzas sociales internas sino también entre actores externos partidarios de una solución violenta y no del diálogo o la negociación.
(36 pages)
Colombia y Los Estados Unidos en la Guerra de Corea
Carlos Horacio Urán
Working Paper #69 - May 1986
Carlos Horacio Urán worked as a Legal Adviser to Colombia's Council of State and wrote extensively about Colombian history and about social justice in the context of the contemporary political situation. In Spring 1985 he was a guest scholar of the Kellogg Institute. He was killed in the army-guerrilla violence at the Palace of Justice in Bogotá in November 1985.
Abstract
This paper analyzes Colombia's role in the Korean War, seen as a response to United States pressures. The author first examines why the U.S. pushed Latin American countries in general to participate in the war and discusses the extent to which they did, in fact, participate. He then turns to the specific case of Colombia and considers the internal repercussions of this country's participation.
Resumen
Este trabajo analiza el papel que desempeñó Colombia en la Guerra de Corea. El autor examina la razón por la cual los EE.UU. empujar los países latinoamericanos a participar en la guerra, como también la magnitud de esta participación. Luego se concentra en el caso colombiano y considera las repercusiones internas que tuvo la participación de este país en la guerra.
(84 pages)
The Soul of Chile
Raúl Cardinal Silva Henriquez
and
The Imperative of Solidarity
Monsignor Cristián Precht Banados
Working Paper #70 - May 1986
The content of this Kellogg Working Paper is not typical. Rather than presenting a piece of research or scholarship, this document offers public addresses by two leaders of the Catholic Church in Chile. Raúl Cardinal Silva is archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Santiago, having served in that office both during and after the last democratically elected government in Chile. Monsignor Cristián Precht is currently vicar of the Archdiocese of Santiago, having served previously as head of the Vicariate for Solidarity, the human rights arm of the Archdiocese.
These addresses were delivered in March, 1986 at St. George's College in Santiago, Chile. They were offered as part of a seminar on the Bases of Democracy for invited Chilean university student leaders, co-sponsored by the Kellogg Institute, CIEPLAN and St. George's College. The addresses have been translated by Timothy Scully, C.S.C., of the Political Science Department of the University of California at Berkeley and are also available in Spanish from CIEPLAN in Santiago.
(31 pages)
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